Effects of rotation errors on goniometric measurements

Abstract Goniometric measurements are essential for the determination of many optical quantities, and quantifying effects errors in rotation axes on these quantities is a complex task. In this paper, we show how measurement model four-axis goniometric system can be developed to allow alignment included uncertainty measurement. We use three different computational methods propagate uncertainties due several error sources through angles then bidirectional reflectance integrated diffuse reflectance, task that would otherwise intractable. While all give same result, GTC Python package simplest intrinsically provides full budget, including correlations between parameters. demonstrate development has improved our understanding system. As consequence, taking advantage negative geometries allows us minimise total lowering standard from 0.0029 0.0015.